next.js/docs/02-app/01-building-your-application/01-routing/12-route-handlers.mdx

---
title: Route Handlers
description: Create custom request handlers for a given route using the Web's Request and Response APIs.
related:
  title: API Reference
  description: Learn more about the route.js file.
  links:
    - app/api-reference/file-conventions/route
---

Route Handlers allow you to create custom request handlers for a given route using the Web [Request](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/API/Request) and [Response](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/API/Response) APIs.

<Image
  alt="Route.js Special File"
  srcLight="/docs/light/route-special-file.png"
  srcDark="/docs/dark/route-special-file.png"
  width="1600"
  height="444"
/>

> **Good to know**: Route Handlers are only available inside the `app` directory. They are the equivalent of [API Routes](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/api-routes) inside the `pages` directory meaning you **do not** need to use API Routes and Route Handlers together.

## Convention

Route Handlers are defined in a [`route.js|ts` file](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/route) inside the `app` directory:

```ts filename="app/api/route.ts" switcher
export const dynamic = 'force-dynamic' // defaults to auto
export async function GET(request: Request) {}
```

```js filename="app/api/route.js" switcher
export const dynamic = 'force-dynamic' // defaults to auto
export async function GET(request) {}
```

Route Handlers can be nested inside the `app` directory, similar to `page.js` and `layout.js`. But there **cannot** be a `route.js` file at the same route segment level as `page.js`.

### Supported HTTP Methods

The following [HTTP methods](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/HTTP/Methods) are supported: `GET`, `POST`, `PUT`, `PATCH`, `DELETE`, `HEAD`, and `OPTIONS`. If an unsupported method is called, Next.js will return a `405 Method Not Allowed` response.

### Extended `NextRequest` and `NextResponse` APIs

In addition to supporting native [Request](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/API/Request) and [Response](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/API/Response). Next.js extends them with
[`NextRequest`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/next-request) and [`NextResponse`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/next-response) to provide convenient helpers for advanced use cases.

## Behavior

### Caching

Route Handlers are cached by default when using the `GET` method with the `Response` object.

```ts filename="app/items/route.ts" switcher
export async function GET() {
  const res = await fetch('https://data.mongodb-api.com/...', {
    headers: {
      'Content-Type': 'application/json',
      'API-Key': process.env.DATA_API_KEY,
    },
  })
  const data = await res.json()

  return Response.json({ data })
}
```

```js filename="app/items/route.js" switcher
export async function GET() {
  const res = await fetch('https://data.mongodb-api.com/...', {
    headers: {
      'Content-Type': 'application/json',
      'API-Key': process.env.DATA_API_KEY,
    },
  })
  const data = await res.json()

  return Response.json({ data })
}
```

> **TypeScript Warning:** `Response.json()` is only valid from TypeScript 5.2. If you use a lower TypeScript version, you can use [`NextResponse.json()`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/next-response#json) for typed responses instead.

### Opting out of caching

You can opt out of caching by:

- Using the `Request` object with the `GET` method.
- Using any of the other HTTP methods.
- Using [Dynamic Functions](#dynamic-functions) like `cookies` and `headers`.
- The [Segment Config Options](#segment-config-options) manually specifies dynamic mode.

For example:

```ts filename="app/products/api/route.ts" switcher
export async function GET(request: Request) {
  const { searchParams } = new URL(request.url)
  const id = searchParams.get('id')
  const res = await fetch(`https://data.mongodb-api.com/product/${id}`, {
    headers: {
      'Content-Type': 'application/json',
      'API-Key': process.env.DATA_API_KEY!,
    },
  })
  const product = await res.json()

  return Response.json({ product })
}
```

```js filename="app/products/api/route.js" switcher
export async function GET(request) {
  const { searchParams } = new URL(request.url)
  const id = searchParams.get('id')
  const res = await fetch(`https://data.mongodb-api.com/product/${id}`, {
    headers: {
      'Content-Type': 'application/json',
      'API-Key': process.env.DATA_API_KEY,
    },
  })
  const product = await res.json()

  return Response.json({ product })
}
```

Similarly, the `POST` method will cause the Route Handler to be evaluated dynamically.

```ts filename="app/items/route.ts" switcher
export async function POST() {
  const res = await fetch('https://data.mongodb-api.com/...', {
    method: 'POST',
    headers: {
      'Content-Type': 'application/json',
      'API-Key': process.env.DATA_API_KEY!,
    },
    body: JSON.stringify({ time: new Date().toISOString() }),
  })

  const data = await res.json()

  return Response.json(data)
}
```

```js filename="app/items/route.js" switcher
export async function POST() {
  const res = await fetch('https://data.mongodb-api.com/...', {
    method: 'POST',
    headers: {
      'Content-Type': 'application/json',
      'API-Key': process.env.DATA_API_KEY,
    },
    body: JSON.stringify({ time: new Date().toISOString() }),
  })

  const data = await res.json()

  return Response.json(data)
}
```

> **Good to know**: Like API Routes, Route Handlers can be used for cases like handling form submissions. A new abstraction for [handling forms and mutations](/docs/app/building-your-application/data-fetching/server-actions-and-mutations) that integrates deeply with React is being worked on.

### Route Resolution

You can consider a `route` the lowest level routing primitive.

- They **do not** participate in layouts or client-side navigations like `page`.
- There **cannot** be a `route.js` file at the same route as `page.js`.

| Page                 | Route              | Result                       |
| -------------------- | ------------------ | ---------------------------- |
| `app/page.js`        | `app/route.js`     | <Cross size={18} /> Conflict |
| `app/page.js`        | `app/api/route.js` | <Check size={18} /> Valid    |
| `app/[user]/page.js` | `app/api/route.js` | <Check size={18} /> Valid    |

Each `route.js` or `page.js` file takes over all HTTP verbs for that route.

```jsx filename="app/page.js"
export default function Page() {
  return <h1>Hello, Next.js!</h1>
}

// ❌ Conflict
// `app/route.js`
export async function POST(request) {}
```

## Examples

The following examples show how to combine Route Handlers with other Next.js APIs and features.

### Revalidating Cached Data

You can [revalidate cached data](/docs/app/building-your-application/data-fetching/fetching-caching-and-revalidating#revalidating-data) using the [`next.revalidate`](/docs/app/building-your-application/data-fetching/fetching-caching-and-revalidating#revalidating-data) option:

```ts filename="app/items/route.ts" switcher
export async function GET() {
  const res = await fetch('https://data.mongodb-api.com/...', {
    next: { revalidate: 60 }, // Revalidate every 60 seconds
  })
  const data = await res.json()

  return Response.json(data)
}
```

```js filename="app/items/route.js" switcher
export async function GET() {
  const res = await fetch('https://data.mongodb-api.com/...', {
    next: { revalidate: 60 }, // Revalidate every 60 seconds
  })
  const data = await res.json()

  return Response.json(data)
}
```

Alternatively, you can use the [`revalidate` segment config option](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/route-segment-config#revalidate):

```ts
export const revalidate = 60
```

### Dynamic Functions

Route Handlers can be used with dynamic functions from Next.js, like [`cookies`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/cookies) and [`headers`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/headers).

#### Cookies

You can read or set cookies with [`cookies`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/cookies) from `next/headers`. This server function can be called directly in a Route Handler, or nested inside of another function.

Alternatively, you can return a new `Response` using the [`Set-Cookie`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/Set-Cookie) header.

```ts filename="app/api/route.ts" switcher
import { cookies } from 'next/headers'

export async function GET(request: Request) {
  const cookieStore = cookies()
  const token = cookieStore.get('token')

  return new Response('Hello, Next.js!', {
    status: 200,
    headers: { 'Set-Cookie': `token=${token.value}` },
  })
}
```

```js filename="app/api/route.js" switcher
import { cookies } from 'next/headers'

export async function GET(request) {
  const cookieStore = cookies()
  const token = cookieStore.get('token')

  return new Response('Hello, Next.js!', {
    status: 200,
    headers: { 'Set-Cookie': `token=${token}` },
  })
}
```

You can also use the underlying Web APIs to read cookies from the request ([`NextRequest`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/next-request)):

```ts filename="app/api/route.ts" switcher
import { type NextRequest } from 'next/server'

export async function GET(request: NextRequest) {
  const token = request.cookies.get('token')
}
```

```js filename="app/api/route.js" switcher
export async function GET(request) {
  const token = request.cookies.get('token')
}
```

#### Headers

You can read headers with [`headers`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/headers) from `next/headers`. This server function can be called directly in a Route Handler, or nested inside of another function.

This `headers` instance is read-only. To set headers, you need to return a new `Response` with new `headers`.

```ts filename="app/api/route.ts" switcher
import { headers } from 'next/headers'

export async function GET(request: Request) {
  const headersList = headers()
  const referer = headersList.get('referer')

  return new Response('Hello, Next.js!', {
    status: 200,
    headers: { referer: referer },
  })
}
```

```js filename="app/api/route.js" switcher
import { headers } from 'next/headers'

export async function GET(request) {
  const headersList = headers()
  const referer = headersList.get('referer')

  return new Response('Hello, Next.js!', {
    status: 200,
    headers: { referer: referer },
  })
}
```

You can also use the underlying Web APIs to read headers from the request ([`NextRequest`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/next-request)):

```ts filename="app/api/route.ts" switcher
import { type NextRequest } from 'next/server'

export async function GET(request: NextRequest) {
  const requestHeaders = new Headers(request.headers)
}
```

```js filename="app/api/route.js" switcher
export async function GET(request) {
  const requestHeaders = new Headers(request.headers)
}
```

### Redirects

```ts filename="app/api/route.ts" switcher
import { redirect } from 'next/navigation'

export async function GET(request: Request) {
  redirect('https://nextjs.org/')
}
```

```js filename="app/api/route.js" switcher
import { redirect } from 'next/navigation'

export async function GET(request) {
  redirect('https://nextjs.org/')
}
```

### Dynamic Route Segments

> We recommend reading the [Defining Routes](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/defining-routes) page before continuing.

Route Handlers can use [Dynamic Segments](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/dynamic-routes) to create request handlers from dynamic data.

```ts filename="app/items/[slug]/route.ts" switcher
export async function GET(
  request: Request,
  { params }: { params: { slug: string } }
) {
  const slug = params.slug // 'a', 'b', or 'c'
}
```

```js filename="app/items/[slug]/route.js" switcher
export async function GET(request, { params }) {
  const slug = params.slug // 'a', 'b', or 'c'
}
```

| Route                       | Example URL | `params`        |
| --------------------------- | ----------- | --------------- |
| `app/items/[slug]/route.js` | `/items/a`  | `{ slug: 'a' }` |
| `app/items/[slug]/route.js` | `/items/b`  | `{ slug: 'b' }` |
| `app/items/[slug]/route.js` | `/items/c`  | `{ slug: 'c' }` |

### URL Query Parameters

The request object passed to the Route Handler is a `NextRequest` instance, which has [some additional convenience methods](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/next-request#nexturl), including for more easily handling query parameters.

```ts filename="app/api/search/route.ts" switcher
import { type NextRequest } from 'next/server'

export function GET(request: NextRequest) {
  const searchParams = request.nextUrl.searchParams
  const query = searchParams.get('query')
  // query is "hello" for /api/search?query=hello
}
```

```js filename="app/api/search/route.js" switcher
export function GET(request) {
  const searchParams = request.nextUrl.searchParams
  const query = searchParams.get('query')
  // query is "hello" for /api/search?query=hello
}
```

### Streaming

Streaming is commonly used in combination with Large Language Models (LLMs), such as OpenAI, for AI-generated content. Learn more about the [AI SDK](https://sdk.vercel.ai/docs).

```ts filename="app/api/chat/route.ts" switcher
import OpenAI from 'openai'
import { OpenAIStream, StreamingTextResponse } from 'ai'

const openai = new OpenAI({
  apiKey: process.env.OPENAI_API_KEY,
})

export const runtime = 'edge'

export async function POST(req: Request) {
  const { messages } = await req.json()
  const response = await openai.chat.completions.create({
    model: 'gpt-3.5-turbo',
    stream: true,
    messages,
  })

  const stream = OpenAIStream(response)

  return new StreamingTextResponse(stream)
}
```

```js filename="app/api/chat/route.js" switcher
import OpenAI from 'openai'
import { OpenAIStream, StreamingTextResponse } from 'ai'

const openai = new OpenAI({
  apiKey: process.env.OPENAI_API_KEY,
})

export const runtime = 'edge'

export async function POST(req) {
  const { messages } = await req.json()
  const response = await openai.chat.completions.create({
    model: 'gpt-3.5-turbo',
    stream: true,
    messages,
  })

  const stream = OpenAIStream(response)

  return new StreamingTextResponse(stream)
}
```

These abstractions use the Web APIs to create a stream. You can also use the underlying Web APIs directly.

```ts filename="app/api/route.ts" switcher
// https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/API/ReadableStream#convert_async_iterator_to_stream
function iteratorToStream(iterator: any) {
  return new ReadableStream({
    async pull(controller) {
      const { value, done } = await iterator.next()

      if (done) {
        controller.close()
      } else {
        controller.enqueue(value)
      }
    },
  })
}

function sleep(time: number) {
  return new Promise((resolve) => {
    setTimeout(resolve, time)
  })
}

const encoder = new TextEncoder()

async function* makeIterator() {
  yield encoder.encode('<p>One</p>')
  await sleep(200)
  yield encoder.encode('<p>Two</p>')
  await sleep(200)
  yield encoder.encode('<p>Three</p>')
}

export async function GET() {
  const iterator = makeIterator()
  const stream = iteratorToStream(iterator)

  return new Response(stream)
}
```

```js filename="app/api/route.js" switcher
// https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/API/ReadableStream#convert_async_iterator_to_stream
function iteratorToStream(iterator) {
  return new ReadableStream({
    async pull(controller) {
      const { value, done } = await iterator.next()

      if (done) {
        controller.close()
      } else {
        controller.enqueue(value)
      }
    },
  })
}

function sleep(time) {
  return new Promise((resolve) => {
    setTimeout(resolve, time)
  })
}

const encoder = new TextEncoder()

async function* makeIterator() {
  yield encoder.encode('<p>One</p>')
  await sleep(200)
  yield encoder.encode('<p>Two</p>')
  await sleep(200)
  yield encoder.encode('<p>Three</p>')
}

export async function GET() {
  const iterator = makeIterator()
  const stream = iteratorToStream(iterator)

  return new Response(stream)
}
```

### Request Body

You can read the `Request` body using the standard Web API methods:

```ts filename="app/items/route.ts" switcher
export async function POST(request: Request) {
  const res = await request.json()
  return Response.json({ res })
}
```

```js filename="app/items/route.js" switcher
export async function POST(request) {
  const res = await request.json()
  return Response.json({ res })
}
```

### Request Body FormData

You can read the `FormData` using the `request.formData()` function:

```ts filename="app/items/route.ts" switcher
export async function POST(request: Request) {
  const formData = await request.formData()
  const name = formData.get('name')
  const email = formData.get('email')
  return Response.json({ name, email })
}
```

```js filename="app/items/route.js" switcher
export async function POST(request) {
  const formData = await request.formData()
  const name = formData.get('name')
  const email = formData.get('email')
  return Response.json({ name, email })
}
```

Since `formData` data are all strings, you may want to use [`zod-form-data`](https://www.npmjs.com/zod-form-data) to validate the request and retrieve data in the format you prefer (e.g. `number`).

### CORS

You can set CORS headers for a specific Route Handler using the standard Web API methods:

```ts filename="app/api/route.ts" switcher
export const dynamic = 'force-dynamic' // defaults to auto

export async function GET(request: Request) {
  return new Response('Hello, Next.js!', {
    status: 200,
    headers: {
      'Access-Control-Allow-Origin': '*',
      'Access-Control-Allow-Methods': 'GET, POST, PUT, DELETE, OPTIONS',
      'Access-Control-Allow-Headers': 'Content-Type, Authorization',
    },
  })
}
```

```js filename="app/api/route.js" switcher
export const dynamic = 'force-dynamic' // defaults to auto

export async function GET(request) {
  return new Response('Hello, Next.js!', {
    status: 200,
    headers: {
      'Access-Control-Allow-Origin': '*',
      'Access-Control-Allow-Methods': 'GET, POST, PUT, DELETE, OPTIONS',
      'Access-Control-Allow-Headers': 'Content-Type, Authorization',
    },
  })
}
```

> **Good to know**:
>
> - To add CORS headers to multiple Route Handlers, you can use [Middleware](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/middleware#cors) or the [`next.config.js` file](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/headers#cors).
> - Alternatively, see our [CORS example](https://github.com/vercel/examples/blob/main/edge-functions/cors/lib/cors.ts) package.

### Webhooks

You can use a Route Handler to receive webhooks from third-party services:

```ts filename="app/api/route.ts" switcher
export async function POST(request: Request) {
  try {
    const text = await request.text()
    // Process the webhook payload
  } catch (error) {
    return new Response(`Webhook error: ${error.message}`, {
      status: 400,
    })
  }

  return new Response('Success!', {
    status: 200,
  })
}
```

```js filename="app/api/route.js" switcher
export async function POST(request) {
  try {
    const text = await request.text()
    // Process the webhook payload
  } catch (error) {
    return new Response(`Webhook error: ${error.message}`, {
      status: 400,
    })
  }

  return new Response('Success!', {
    status: 200,
  })
}
```

Notably, unlike API Routes with the Pages Router, you do not need to use `bodyParser` to use any additional configuration.

### Edge and Node.js Runtimes

Route Handlers have an isomorphic Web API to support both Edge and Node.js runtimes seamlessly, including support for streaming. Since Route Handlers use the same [route segment configuration](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/route-segment-config) as Pages and Layouts, they support long-awaited features like general-purpose [statically regenerated](/docs/app/building-your-application/data-fetching/fetching-caching-and-revalidating#revalidating-data) Route Handlers.

You can use the `runtime` segment config option to specify the runtime:

```ts
export const runtime = 'edge' // 'nodejs' is the default
```

### Non-UI Responses

You can use Route Handlers to return non-UI content. Note that [`sitemap.xml`](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata/sitemap#generating-a-sitemap-using-code-js-ts), [`robots.txt`](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata/robots#generate-a-robots-file), [`app icons`](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata/app-icons#generate-icons-using-code-js-ts-tsx), and [open graph images](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata/opengraph-image) all have built-in support.

```ts filename="app/rss.xml/route.ts" switcher
export const dynamic = 'force-dynamic' // defaults to auto

export async function GET() {
  return new Response(
    `<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?>
<rss version="2.0">

<channel>
  <title>Next.js Documentation</title>
  <link>https://nextjs.org/docs</link>
  <description>The React Framework for the Web</description>
</channel>

</rss>`,
    {
      headers: {
        'Content-Type': 'text/xml',
      },
    }
  )
}
```

```js filename="app/rss.xml/route.js" switcher
export const dynamic = 'force-dynamic' // defaults to auto

export async function GET() {
  return new Response(`<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?>
<rss version="2.0">

<channel>
  <title>Next.js Documentation</title>
  <link>https://nextjs.org/docs</link>
  <description>The React Framework for the Web</description>
</channel>

</rss>`)
}
```

### Segment Config Options

Route Handlers use the same [route segment configuration](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/route-segment-config) as pages and layouts.

```ts filename="app/items/route.ts" switcher
export const dynamic = 'auto'
export const dynamicParams = true
export const revalidate = false
export const fetchCache = 'auto'
export const runtime = 'nodejs'
export const preferredRegion = 'auto'
```

```js filename="app/items/route.js" switcher
export const dynamic = 'auto'
export const dynamicParams = true
export const revalidate = false
export const fetchCache = 'auto'
export const runtime = 'nodejs'
export const preferredRegion = 'auto'
```

See the [API reference](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/route-segment-config) for more details.