papers/zen/zen-code-benchmarks.tex

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\title{\textbf{Comprehensive Code Intelligence Benchmarking for Zen}\\
\large Technical Report v2025.09}
\author{Zach Kelling, Zen LM Research Team\\
\texttt{[email protected]}}
\date{September 2025}

\begin{document}
\maketitle

\begin{abstract}
We present a comprehensive evaluation of Zen models on code intelligence tasks,
spanning function-level synthesis (HumanEval, MBPP), repository-level engineering
(SWE-bench), cross-file completion (RepoBench), code review, test generation, and
security vulnerability scanning. Zen-32B achieves 87.4\% on HumanEval (pass@1),
81.2\% on MBPP, 34.8\% on SWE-bench Verified, and 79.3\% on RepoBench. We provide
detailed analysis by programming language, task type, and repository size, and
introduce a real-world coding agent evaluation protocol that extends beyond
function-level benchmarks. Security analysis shows 68.4\% detection rate on
known CWE vulnerabilities.
\end{abstract}

\section{Introduction}

Code intelligence evaluation has evolved from simple function synthesis to
repository-level tasks requiring understanding of project structure, dependencies,
and conventions. The Zen code benchmarking suite covers this full spectrum:

\begin{itemize}
  \item \textbf{Function-level}: Generate functions from docstrings (HumanEval, MBPP)
  \item \textbf{Repository-level}: Resolve GitHub issues requiring multi-file edits (SWE-bench)
  \item \textbf{Completion}: Cross-file code completion given repository context (RepoBench)
  \item \textbf{Code review}: Identify bugs and suggest improvements
  \item \textbf{Test generation}: Write unit tests achieving high coverage
  \item \textbf{Security}: Detect and explain vulnerabilities (CWE taxonomy)
\end{itemize}

Each dimension tests different capabilities. Function synthesis tests local
reasoning; repository-level tasks test project understanding and code navigation.

\section{Evaluation Infrastructure}

\subsection{Execution Environment}

All code evaluations use sandboxed Docker containers with:
\begin{itemize}
  \item Language runtimes: Python 3.11, Node.js 20, Go 1.22, Rust 1.78, Java 21
  \item Timeout: 10 seconds per test case, 5 minutes per problem
  \item No network access (prevents web API shortcuts)
  \item Deterministic test seeds for reproducibility
\end{itemize}

\subsection{Pass@k Estimation}

Following Chen et al.~\cite{chen2021humaneval}, we use the unbiased pass@k estimator:

\begin{equation}
\text{pass@}k = \mathbb{E}_{\text{problems}}\left[1 - \frac{\binom{n-c}{k}}{\binom{n}{k}}\right]
\end{equation}

where $n$ is the number of samples per problem and $c$ is the number that pass all tests.
We use $n=200$ samples for pass@1 estimation and $n=20$ for pass@10.

\section{Function-Level Benchmarks}

\subsection{HumanEval}

\begin{table}[H]
\centering
\begin{tabular}{lccc}
\toprule
\textbf{Model} & \textbf{pass@1} & \textbf{pass@10} & \textbf{pass@100} \\
\midrule
Zen-7B & 78.4\% & 91.2\% & 97.8\% \\
Zen-32B & \textbf{87.4\%} & \textbf{95.1\%} & \textbf{98.9\%} \\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\caption{HumanEval results. 164 Python function synthesis problems.}
\end{table}

\subsubsection{Error Analysis on HumanEval}

Among Zen-7B failures (21.6\% of problems at pass@1):

\begin{table}[H]
\centering
\begin{tabular}{lr}
\toprule
\textbf{Failure Mode} & \textbf{Fraction} \\
\midrule
Edge case handling (empty input, None, overflow) & 38\% \\
Off-by-one errors & 22\% \\
Wrong algorithm (correct on examples, wrong in general) & 18\% \\
Syntax/runtime error & 12\% \\
Incomplete implementation & 10\% \\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\caption{HumanEval failure mode distribution (Zen-7B, pass@1 failures).}
\end{table}

\subsection{MBPP}

MBPP (Mostly Basic Programming Problems) contains 500 Python problems with an
average of 3 test cases per problem:

\begin{table}[H]
\centering
\begin{tabular}{lccc}
\toprule
\textbf{Model} & \textbf{pass@1} & \textbf{pass@3} & \textbf{Difficulty Level} \\
\midrule
Zen-7B & 74.8\% & 82.4\% & Easy: 94.1\%, Hard: 52.3\% \\
Zen-32B & \textbf{81.2\%} & \textbf{88.7\%} & Easy: 97.2\%, Hard: 61.8\% \\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\caption{MBPP results split by difficulty.}
\end{table}

\section{Repository-Level: SWE-bench}

\subsection{Task Definition}

SWE-bench~\cite{jimenez2024swebench} presents real GitHub issues from popular Python
repositories. The model must generate a patch (unified diff) that resolves the issue
and passes the associated test suite. SWE-bench Verified contains 500 carefully
validated issue-patch pairs.

\subsection{Agentic Evaluation Protocol}

We evaluate Zen in an agentic setup where the model can:
\begin{enumerate}
  \item Read repository files
  \item Search for relevant code patterns
  \item Run tests to verify hypotheses
  \item Apply patch edits iteratively
\end{enumerate}

The agent is given a 30-step budget and access to repository via a file system tool.

\begin{algorithm}[H]
\caption{SWE-bench Agentic Resolution}
\begin{algorithmic}[1]
\REQUIRE Issue $I$, repository $R$, step budget $B=30$
\ENSURE Patch $P$
\STATE Read issue $I$ and relevant files from $R$
\FOR{step $= 1 \ldots B$}
  \STATE $a \leftarrow \pi(I, \text{history})$ \COMMENT{Generate next action}
  \STATE \textbf{if} $a$ is ReadFile: read specified file
  \STATE \textbf{if} $a$ is SearchCode: run ripgrep on $R$
  \STATE \textbf{if} $a$ is RunTests: execute test suite, observe output
  \STATE \textbf{if} $a$ is EditFile: apply diff to $R$
  \STATE \textbf{if} $a$ is Submit: generate patch $P$, \textbf{break}
\ENDFOR
\RETURN $P$
\end{algorithmic}
\end{algorithm}

\subsection{Results}

\begin{table}[H]
\centering
\begin{tabular}{lccc}
\toprule
\textbf{Model} & \textbf{Resolved (\%)} & \textbf{Avg. Steps} & \textbf{Token Budget} \\
\midrule
Zen-7B (agentic) & 28.4\% & 18.2 & 32K \\
Zen-32B (agentic) & \textbf{34.8\%} & 21.4 & 64K \\
Zen-7B (non-agentic) & 12.1\% & 1 & 16K \\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\caption{SWE-bench Verified results. Agentic setup substantially outperforms one-shot.}
\end{table}

\subsubsection{Performance by Repository}

\begin{table}[H]
\centering
\begin{tabular}{lcc}
\toprule
\textbf{Repository} & \textbf{Issues} & \textbf{Resolved (Zen-32B)} \\
\midrule
django & 106 & 38.7\% \\
scikit-learn & 72 & 36.1\% \\
matplotlib & 52 & 28.8\% \\
pytest & 40 & 42.5\% \\
sympy & 96 & 31.2\% \\
requests & 30 & 40.0\% \\
Flask & 21 & 38.1\% \\
Others & 83 & 27.7\% \\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\caption{SWE-bench Verified resolution rate by repository (Zen-32B).}
\end{table}

\section{Cross-File Completion: RepoBench}

\subsection{Task Definition}

RepoBench evaluates code completion that requires retrieving and using context from
other files in the same repository. Each problem specifies a file, a cursor position,
and a ground-truth completion token that requires cross-file context.

\begin{table}[H]
\centering
\begin{tabular}{lccccc}
\toprule
\textbf{Model} & \textbf{Python} & \textbf{Java} & \textbf{TypeScript} & \textbf{Go} & \textbf{Avg.} \\
\midrule
Zen-7B & 76.4\% & 74.2\% & 72.8\% & 78.1\% & 75.4\% \\
Zen-32B & \textbf{81.8\%} & \textbf{79.4\%} & \textbf{77.3\%} & \textbf{82.6\%} & \textbf{80.3\%} \\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\caption{RepoBench exact match accuracy by language.}
\end{table}

\section{Language-Specific Performance}

We evaluate HumanEval-style benchmarks in multiple programming languages:

\begin{table}[H]
\centering
\begin{tabular}{lcccc}
\toprule
\textbf{Language} & \textbf{Zen-7B pass@1} & \textbf{Zen-32B pass@1} & \textbf{Benchmark} & \textbf{Problems} \\
\midrule
Python & 78.4\% & 87.4\% & HumanEval & 164 \\
JavaScript & 74.1\% & 83.8\% & HumanEval-JS & 164 \\
TypeScript & 72.3\% & 82.1\% & MultiPL-E & 164 \\
Rust & 68.4\% & 78.3\% & MultiPL-E & 164 \\
Go & 71.2\% & 80.9\% & MultiPL-E & 164 \\
Java & 73.8\% & 83.2\% & MultiPL-E & 164 \\
C++ & 75.1\% & 84.3\% & MultiPL-E & 164 \\
\midrule
Average & 73.3\% & 82.9\% & -- & -- \\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\caption{Cross-language code synthesis performance.}
\end{table}

Rust and Go show lower performance due to stricter memory safety requirements and
more complex type systems. Performance correlates with training data volume per language.

\section{Test Generation}

We evaluate test generation quality by:
\begin{enumerate}
  \item Giving the model a function signature and implementation
  \item Asking the model to write unit tests
  \item Measuring line coverage and mutation score
\end{enumerate}

\begin{table}[H]
\centering
\begin{tabular}{lcccc}
\toprule
\textbf{Model} & \textbf{Line Coverage} & \textbf{Branch Coverage} & \textbf{Mutation Score} & \textbf{Tests/Function} \\
\midrule
Zen-7B & 78.3\% & 71.4\% & 62.1\% & 4.8 \\
Zen-32B & \textbf{84.1\%} & \textbf{77.8\%} & \textbf{68.4\%} & 6.2 \\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\caption{Test generation quality metrics on 500 Python functions.}
\end{table}

\section{Security Vulnerability Detection}

\subsection{Benchmark Design}

We construct a security benchmark of 500 code snippets with known CWE vulnerabilities,
drawn from CVE database examples and deliberately introduced vulnerabilities:

\begin{table}[H]
\centering
\begin{tabular}{lrr}
\toprule
\textbf{CWE Category} & \textbf{Samples} & \textbf{Zen-32B Detection} \\
\midrule
CWE-89: SQL Injection & 80 & 91.2\% \\
CWE-79: XSS & 60 & 88.3\% \\
CWE-78: OS Command Injection & 50 & 84.0\% \\
CWE-22: Path Traversal & 50 & 82.0\% \\
CWE-125: Out-of-bounds Read & 60 & 61.7\% \\
CWE-476: NULL Pointer Deref & 40 & 57.5\% \\
CWE-416: Use After Free & 40 & 52.5\% \\
CWE-190: Integer Overflow & 60 & 48.3\% \\
CWE-798: Hardcoded Credentials & 60 & 83.3\% \\
\midrule
Overall & 500 & \textbf{68.4\%} \\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\caption{Security vulnerability detection by CWE category.}
\end{table}

Zen models perform well on injection vulnerabilities (SQL, XSS, command injection)
which are pattern-recognizable from training data. Memory safety issues (use-after-free,
integer overflow) in C/C++ are harder, reflecting the lower volume of C security
examples in training data relative to Python web security content.

\section{Analysis}

\subsection{Scaling Laws for Code}

Code performance scales with model size following a similar law to natural language:

\begin{equation}
\text{HumanEval}(N) \approx 87.4 - 31.2 \cdot N^{-0.12}
\end{equation}

where $N$ is the number of active parameters. The exponent (0.12) is slightly larger
than for MMLU (0.095), suggesting code tasks benefit more from scale than general
knowledge retrieval.

\subsection{Context Length and Repository Tasks}

\begin{table}[H]
\centering
\begin{tabular}{lcc}
\toprule
\textbf{Context Budget} & \textbf{RepoBench Accuracy} & \textbf{SWE-bench Resolved} \\
\midrule
8K & 71.2\% & 18.3\% \\
16K & 76.4\% & 26.1\% \\
32K & 79.3\% & 32.4\% \\
64K & 80.1\% & 34.8\% \\
128K & 80.4\% & 35.2\% \\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\caption{Impact of context budget on repository-level tasks (Zen-32B).}
\end{table}

Repository tasks show strong gains up to 64K context, with diminishing returns beyond.
Most repositories contain under 100 relevant files; key context fits within 64K tokens.

\section{Conclusion}

Zen models achieve strong performance across the code intelligence spectrum, from
87.4\% HumanEval pass@1 to 34.8\% SWE-bench resolution. The gap between function-level
and repository-level performance reflects the additional challenges of project
navigation, multi-file reasoning, and test-driven development required for real-world
coding tasks. Security vulnerability detection shows the strongest performance on
injection-class vulnerabilities; memory safety in low-level languages remains a
frontier for improvement.

\bibliographystyle{plain}
\begin{thebibliography}{99}
\bibitem{chen2021humaneval} Chen et al. (2021). Evaluating Large Language Models Trained on Code. \textit{arXiv:2107.03374}.
\bibitem{jimenez2024swebench} Jimenez et al. (2024). SWE-bench: Can Language Models Resolve Real-World GitHub Issues? \textit{ICLR}.
\bibitem{liu2023repobench} Liu et al. (2023). RepoBench: Benchmarking Repository-Level Code Auto-Completion Systems. \textit{arXiv:2306.03091}.
\bibitem{austin2021mbpp} Austin et al. (2021). Program Synthesis with Large Language Models. \textit{arXiv:2108.07732}.
\bibitem{cassano2022multipl} Cassano et al. (2022). MultiPL-E: A Scalable and Polyglot Approach to Benchmarking Neural Code Generation. \textit{arXiv:2208.08227}.
\end{thebibliography}

\end{document}