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Ringtail (Boschini et al., ePrint 2024/1113) is third-party prior art; Lux's Corona (Ring-LWE = Module-LWE rank-1) builds on it; Pulsar is Module-LWE rank-k. Retired the conflated boschini2024corona/corona2024/coronago/... bib keys to the single canonical ringtail/corona/pulsar/magnetar keys, rewrote \cite + \bibitem by context, and fixed 'Pulsar (Ring-LWE)' mislabels (Corona where corona.metal/ single-ring/Ringtail-derived; Pulsar where Module-LWE rank-k/ML-DSA). Cryptographer-led.
165 lines
5.8 KiB
TeX
165 lines
5.8 KiB
TeX
\section{Conclusion}
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\label{sec:conclusion}
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%% ============================================================================
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Quasar achieves 204\,ms median finality over WAN (CPU BLS) and \textbf{10\,ms finality}
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with GPU-accelerated BLS in co-located deployments, with simultaneous classical and
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post-quantum cryptographic guarantees---a combination no other production protocol
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provides. The dual-certificate mechanism adds less than 10\% overhead compared to
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classical-only consensus, invalidating the assumption that post-quantum security
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requires significant performance sacrifice.
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At Lux's 1\,B gas block limit (\num{47619} txs/block), GPU BLS finality yields
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\textbf{\num{4761904}\,TPS with finality}. CPU BLS provides a 100\,ms fallback
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(\num{476190}\,TPS). At 100 validators over WAN, consensus-layer throughput reaches
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\num{10400}\,TPS with O($n$) message complexity, positioning Quasar between
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high-throughput DAG protocols (Narwhal+Tusk, $\sim$38{,}500\,TPS) and traditional
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BFT protocols (Tendermint, $\sim$1{,}200\,TPS). For applications where finality
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speed and quantum resistance matter more than raw throughput---cross-chain bridges,
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financial settlement, regulatory-sensitive operations---Quasar is the optimal choice.
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The benchmark data in this paper is reproducible. Hardware specifications, software
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versions, and test configurations are fully documented. We encourage independent
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reproduction and will publish the complete test harness as open source.
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%% ============================================================================
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%% REFERENCES
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%% ============================================================================
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\begin{thebibliography}{99}
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\bibitem{quasar-paper}
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Kelling, Z. (2025).
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\textit{Quasar: Quantum-Secure Multi-Engine Consensus with Dual-Certificate Finality}.
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Lux Industries Research.
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\bibitem{hotstuff}
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Yin, M., Malkhi, D., Reiter, M.K., Gueta, G.G., Abraham, I. (2019).
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\textit{HotStuff: BFT Consensus with Linearity and Responsiveness}.
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ACM PODC 2019. \texttt{arXiv:1803.05069}.
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\bibitem{tendermint}
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Buchman, E. (2016).
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\textit{Tendermint: Byzantine Fault Tolerance in the Age of Blockchains}.
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University of Guelph.
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\bibitem{narwhal-tusk}
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Danezis, G., Kokoris-Kogias, E., Sonnino, A., Spiegelman, A. (2022).
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\textit{Narwhal and Tusk: A DAG-based Mempool and Efficient BFT Consensus}.
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EuroSys 2022. \texttt{arXiv:2105.11827}.
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\bibitem{casper-ffg}
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Buterin, V., Griffith, V. (2017).
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\textit{Casper the Friendly Finality Gadget}.
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\texttt{arXiv:1710.09437}.
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\bibitem{solana-wp}
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Yakovenko, A. (2018).
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\textit{Solana: A New Architecture for a High Performance Blockchain}.
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Solana Labs Whitepaper v0.8.13.
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\bibitem{snow-paper}
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Team Rocket. (2020).
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\textit{Scalable and Probabilistic Leaderless BFT Consensus through Metastability}.
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\texttt{arXiv:1906.08936}.
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\bibitem{pulsar}
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Z.~Kelling. (2026).
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\textit{LP-073: Pulsar --- Module-LWE Rank-$k$ Threshold ML-DSA for
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Permissionless Validator Sets}.
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Lux Industries, Inc. \texttt{github.com/luxfi/pulsar}.
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\bibitem{fips204}
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NIST. (2024).
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\textit{FIPS 204: Module-Lattice-Based Digital Signature Standard (ML-DSA)}.
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National Institute of Standards and Technology.
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\bibitem{mysticeti}
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Babel, K., Danezis, G., Kokoris-Kogias, E., Sonnino, A. (2024).
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\textit{Mysticeti: Reaching the Latency Limits with Uncertified DAGs}.
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Cornell University. \texttt{arXiv:2310.14821}.
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\bibitem{blockbench}
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Dinh, T.T.A., Wang, J., Chen, G., Liu, R., Ooi, B.C., Tan, K.L. (2017).
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\textit{BLOCKBENCH: A Framework for Analyzing Private Blockchains}.
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ACM SIGMOD 2017.
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\bibitem{ethereum-pq}
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Ethereum Foundation. (2025).
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\textit{Post-Quantum Cryptography Research Roadmap}.
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ethereum.org/research.
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\bibitem{hotstuff2}
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Malkhi, D., Nayak, K. (2023).
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\textit{HotStuff-2: Optimal Two-Phase Responsive BFT}.
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Cryptology ePrint Archive 2023/397.
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\bibitem{bls-sigs}
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Boneh, D., Lynn, B., Shacham, H. (2001).
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\textit{Short Signatures from the Weil Pairing}.
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ASIACRYPT 2001, LNCS 2248, pp. 514--532.
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\bibitem{pbft}
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Castro, M., Liskov, B. (1999).
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\textit{Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance}.
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OSDI 1999.
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% --- Named-competitor scaffold (Apr 2026) ---
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\bibitem{buchman2016tendermint}
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Buchman, E. (2016).
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\textit{Tendermint: Byzantine Fault Tolerance in the Age of Blockchains}.
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M.Sc.\ thesis, University of Guelph.
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\url{https://atrium.lib.uoguelph.ca/items/5459099e-67aa-4a83-b816-25c6752e0afe}
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\bibitem{cometbftgithub}
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CometBFT Authors. (2026).
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\textit{CometBFT: A distributed, Byzantine fault-tolerant, deterministic state machine replication engine}.
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\url{https://github.com/cometbft/cometbft}
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\bibitem{malkhi2023hotstuff2}
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Malkhi, D., Nayak, K. (2023).
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\textit{HotStuff-2: Optimal Two-Phase Responsive BFT}.
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Cryptology ePrint Archive 2023/397.
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\url{https://eprint.iacr.org/2023/397}
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\bibitem{rocket2019avalanche}
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Team Rocket. (2019).
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\textit{Scalable and Probabilistic Leaderless BFT Consensus through Metastability}.
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arXiv:1906.08936.
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\bibitem{amores2024avalanche}
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Amores-Sesar, I., Schneider, P., Cachin, C. (2024).
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\textit{An Analysis of Avalanche Consensus}.
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arXiv:2401.02811.
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\bibitem{babel2024mysticeti}
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Babel, K., Danezis, G., Kokoris-Kogias, E., Sonnino, A. (2025).
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\textit{Mysticeti: Reaching the Limits of Latency with Uncertified DAGs}.
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NDSS 2025. arXiv:2310.14821.
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\bibitem{alqahtani2021bottlenecks}
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Alqahtani, S., Demirbas, M. (2021).
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\textit{Bottlenecks in Blockchain Consensus Protocols}.
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arXiv:2103.04234.
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\bibitem{yakovenko2018solana}
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Yakovenko, A. (2018).
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\textit{Solana: A New Architecture for a High Performance Blockchain}.
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Solana Labs Whitepaper v0.8.13.
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\bibitem{yin2019hotstuff}
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Yin, M., Malkhi, D., Reiter, M.K., Gueta, G.G., Abraham, I. (2019).
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\textit{HotStuff: BFT Consensus with Linearity and Responsiveness}.
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ACM PODC 2019. arXiv:1803.05069.
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\end{thebibliography}
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%% ============================================================================
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%% APPENDICES
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%% ============================================================================
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\appendix
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