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Restructured from flat .tex/.pdf files into per-paper subdirectories. Added Antje Worring as co-author on all papers. Synced PDFs to pdfs/ for download site.
56 lines
2.0 KiB
TeX
56 lines
2.0 KiB
TeX
\section{Gas Cost Modeling}
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\subsection{Principle: Gas Reflects Wall-Clock Time}
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Gas costs must reflect actual computation time to prevent denial-of-service attacks.
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If a precompile is underpriced, an attacker can consume node CPU without paying
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proportional gas. If overpriced, legitimate use is discouraged.
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\subsection{Calibration Method}
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\begin{enumerate}[nosep]
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\item Benchmark the precompile on reference hardware (AMD EPYC 7713, which runs Lux
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Network validators).
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\item Measure wall-clock time for representative inputs.
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\item Compute gas per nanosecond using the baseline: \texttt{ecrecover} costs 3,000 gas
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and takes approximately 26\,$\mu$s on reference hardware, giving a rate of approximately
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$0.115$ gas/ns.
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\item Gas cost $= \text{execution time (ns)} \times 0.115$, rounded up to the nearest
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1,000.
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\end{enumerate}
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\subsection{Gas Cost Table}
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\begin{table}[H]
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\centering
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\small
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\begin{tabular}{@{}lrrr@{}}
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\toprule
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\textbf{Precompile} & \textbf{Time ($\mu$s)} & \textbf{Gas} & \textbf{Gas/ns} \\
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\midrule
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BLS12-381 pairing (1 pair) & 1,700 & 113,000 & 0.066 \\
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BLS12-381 G1 add & 2.4 & 500 & 0.208 \\
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BLS12-381 G1 scalar mul & 340 & 45,000 & 0.132 \\
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BN254 pairing (1 pair) & 820 & 65,000 & 0.079 \\
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Batch ecrecover (100 sigs) & 12,000 & 180,000 & 0.015 \\
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ML-DSA-65 verify & 300 & 35,000 & 0.117 \\
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FALCON-512 verify & 180 & 22,000 & 0.122 \\
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FHE encrypt & 450 & 55,000 & 0.122 \\
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FHE add & 12 & 2,000 & 0.167 \\
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FHE multiply & 850 & 100,000 & 0.118 \\
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Warp message verify & 95 & 12,000 & 0.126 \\
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NTT-256 forward & 3.1 & 500 & 0.161 \\
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NTT-256 inverse & 3.3 & 500 & 0.152 \\
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\bottomrule
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\end{tabular}
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\caption{Gas costs calibrated to execution time on AMD EPYC 7713.}
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\end{table}
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All gas/ns ratios fall within the range $[0.015, 0.208]$, a factor of 14x variation.
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The target is $0.115 \pm 2\text{x}$. Batch ecrecover is intentionally underpriced to
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incentivize batching (it replaces 100 individual ecrecover calls at 300,000 gas with
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180,000 gas for the batch).
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%% ============================================================
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