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papers/lux-fhe-mpc-hybrid/sections/09-comparison-with-alternative-approaches.tex
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\section{Comparison with Alternative Approaches}
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{lcccc}
\toprule
\textbf{Approach} & \textbf{Trust} & \textbf{Privacy} & \textbf{Latency} & \textbf{Scalability} \\
\midrule
TEE (SGX/SEV) & Hardware vendor & Side-channel risk & Low & High \\
Pure MPC (SPDZ) & $t$-of-$n$ & Full & High ($O(N^2)$) & Low \\
Pure FHE & Key holder & Compute only & Medium & Medium \\
ZK proofs & Prover & Prover only & Variable & Medium \\
\textbf{FHE+MPC} & $t$-of-$n$ & \textbf{Full} & \textbf{Medium} & \textbf{Medium} \\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
The hybrid achieves the trust distribution of MPC with the non-interactive computation of FHE. The main cost is FHE's bootstrapping overhead (1000--10000$\times$ cleartext), which we address through parallelism and application-specific circuit optimization.