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papers/lux-fpc-consensus/sections/14-mathematical-foundations.tex
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\section{Mathematical Foundations}
\label{sec:math}
\subsection{Expected Rounds to Finality}
The expected number of rounds to achieve consensus:
\begin{equation}
\mathbb{E}[\text{rounds}] = \beta + O\left(\log\frac{1}{\delta}\right)
\end{equation}
where $\delta$ is the confidence parameter.
\subsection{Byzantine Tolerance Bound}
For Byzantine fraction $f$ and committee size $k$:
\begin{equation}
\text{Safe if } f < k \cdot (\theta - 0.5)
\end{equation}
\subsection{Threshold Evolution}
The threshold evolution follows:
\begin{align}
\theta(0) &= 0.5 \quad \text{(neutral)} \\
\theta(\infty) &\to \theta_{\max} \approx 0.8 \quad \text{(high confidence)}
\end{align}
Rate controlled by cooling parameter $\tau$.