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159 lines
5.5 KiB
TeX
159 lines
5.5 KiB
TeX
\section{Conclusion}
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\label{sec:conclusion}
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% ============================================================
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We have presented a unified threshold cryptographic framework that covers 17 blockchain
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families through two complementary protocols: FROST for Schnorr/EdDSA chains and
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CGGMP21 for ECDSA chains. The framework provides:
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\begin{enumerate}[nosep]
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\item \textbf{Universal coverage}: Every major blockchain is supported with native
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signature verification---no custom verifier contracts.
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\item \textbf{Constant on-chain cost}: One signature verification regardless of
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threshold size, yielding up to 90\% gas savings over multisig.
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\item \textbf{Strong security}: Unforgeability under $t{-}1$ corruption (Theorems
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\ref{thm:frost-uf-full},~\ref{thm:cggmp-uf}), identifiable abort
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(Theorem~\ref{thm:cggmp-ia}), forward security under proactive refresh
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(Theorem~\ref{thm:forward}), and safe protocol composition
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(Theorem~\ref{thm:composition}).
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\item \textbf{Bitcoin Taproot}: FROST KeygenTaproot produces x-only public keys
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(BIP-340) for key-path spends indistinguishable from single-signer outputs.
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\item \textbf{MPC group address}: On-chain verification uses a single aggregate
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key ($\texttt{ecrecover} == \texttt{mpcGroupAddress}$), not individual signers.
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\item \textbf{Operational safety}: Configurable rotation delay (default 24h, 0 for
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instant, max 7d) with on-chain visibility; proactive key refresh without public
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key change; LSS dynamic resharing for threshold changes.
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\item \textbf{Production performance}: 98ms end-to-end FROST signing, 47ms CGGMP21
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online signing with presignatures, 0.14ms LSS reshare ($3 \to 5$), in
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geographically distributed deployment.
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\end{enumerate}
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The framework is deployed in Lux Teleport, securing cross-chain asset transfers across
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270+ blockchains. Implementation is open-source at \texttt{github.com/luxfi/threshold}
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and \texttt{github.com/luxfi/mpc}.
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% ============================================================
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% References
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% ============================================================
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\bibliographystyle{plain}
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\begin{thebibliography}{99}
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\bibitem{komlo2020frost}
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C.~Komlo and I.~Goldberg,
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``FROST: Flexible Round-Optimized Schnorr Threshold Signatures,''
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\textit{Selected Areas in Cryptography (SAC)}, 2020.
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\url{https://eprint.iacr.org/2020/852}
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\bibitem{canetti2021cggmp}
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R.~Canetti, R.~Gennaro, S.~Goldfeder, N.~Makriyannis, and U.~Peled,
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``UC Non-Interactive, Proactive, Threshold ECDSA with Identifiable Aborts,''
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\textit{ACM CCS}, 2020. Revised 2021.
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\url{https://eprint.iacr.org/2021/060}
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\bibitem{bip340}
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P.~Wuille, J.~Nick, and T.~Ruffing,
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``BIP-340: Schnorr Signatures for secp256k1,''
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Bitcoin Improvement Proposal, 2020.
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\url{https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0340.mediawiki}
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\bibitem{bip341}
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P.~Wuille, J.~Nick, and A.~Towns,
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``BIP-341: Taproot: SegWit version 1 spending rules,''
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Bitcoin Improvement Proposal, 2020.
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\url{https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0341.mediawiki}
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\bibitem{bip342}
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P.~Wuille, J.~Nick, and A.~Towns,
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``BIP-342: Validation of Taproot Scripts,''
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Bitcoin Improvement Proposal, 2020.
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\url{https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0342.mediawiki}
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\bibitem{pedersen1991}
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T.~P.~Pedersen,
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``Non-Interactive and Information-Theoretic Secure Verifiable Secret Sharing,''
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\textit{CRYPTO}, 1991.
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\bibitem{feldman1987}
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P.~Feldman,
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``A Practical Scheme for Non-Interactive Verifiable Secret Sharing,''
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\textit{FOCS}, 1987.
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\bibitem{gennaro2018}
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R.~Gennaro and S.~Goldfeder,
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``Fast Multiparty Threshold ECDSA with Fast Trustless Setup,''
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\textit{ACM CCS}, 2018.
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\url{https://eprint.iacr.org/2019/114}
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\bibitem{gennaro2020}
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R.~Gennaro and S.~Goldfeder,
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``One Round Threshold ECDSA with Identifiable Abort,''
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IACR ePrint 2020/540, 2020.
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\url{https://eprint.iacr.org/2020/540}
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\bibitem{gennaro2003}
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R.~Gennaro, S.~Jarecki, H.~Krawczyk, and T.~Rabin,
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``Secure Distributed Key Generation for Discrete-Log Based Cryptosystems,''
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\textit{Journal of Cryptology}, 2003.
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\bibitem{nick2021musig2}
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J.~Nick, T.~Ruffing, and Y.~Seurin,
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``MuSig2: Simple Two-Round Schnorr Multi-Signatures,''
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\textit{CRYPTO}, 2021.
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\url{https://eprint.iacr.org/2020/1261}
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\bibitem{ruffing2022roast}
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T.~Ruffing, V.~Ronge, E.~C.~Fletcher, J.~Griffy, and D.~Schr\"oder,
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``ROAST: Robust Asynchronous Schnorr Threshold Signatures,''
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\textit{ACM CCS}, 2022.
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\url{https://eprint.iacr.org/2022/550}
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\bibitem{doerner2018}
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J.~Doerner, Y.~Kondi, E.~Lee, and A.~Shelat,
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``Secure Two-party Threshold ECDSA from ECDSA Assumptions,''
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\textit{IEEE S\&P}, 2018.
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\bibitem{pointcheval1996}
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D.~Pointcheval and J.~Stern,
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``Security Proofs for Signature Schemes,''
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\textit{EUROCRYPT}, 1996.
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\bibitem{bellare2006}
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M.~Bellare and G.~Neven,
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``Multi-Signatures in the Plain Public-Key Model and a General Forking Lemma,''
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\textit{ACM CCS}, 2006.
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\bibitem{rfc6979}
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T.~Pornin,
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``RFC 6979: Deterministic Usage of the Digital Signature Algorithm (DSA) and
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Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA),''
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IETF, 2013.
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\url{https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc6979}
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\bibitem{wormhole2023}
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Wormhole Foundation,
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``Wormhole: A Generic Message Passing Protocol,''
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2023.
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\url{https://wormhole.com/whitepaper}
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\bibitem{tbtc2022}
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Keep Network,
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``tBTC v2: A Decentralized Bitcoin Bridge,''
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2022.
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\url{https://docs.threshold.network/applications/tbtc-v2}
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\bibitem{fireblocks2023}
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Fireblocks,
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``MPC-CMP: Threshold ECDSA from ECDSA Assumptions,''
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2023.
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\url{https://www.fireblocks.com/what-is-mpc/}
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\bibitem{zengo2019}
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ZenGo,
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``Threshold Signatures: The Future of Private Keys,''
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2019.
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\url{https://zengo.com/mpc-wallet/}
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\end{thebibliography}
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