threshold/protocols/mldsa

Threshold ML-DSA

Status — research preview, NOT production.

Lane	What's here	Status
Per-validator ML-DSA	N independent FIPS 204 signatures, aggregated at the consensus layer as MLDSACertSet	Production. Lives at luxfi/crypto/mldsa (CIRCL-backed) + luxfi/warp MLDSACertSet. This is the PQ identity-proof lane used by Warp 2.0 + bridge admin/pause schemes today.
Threshold ML-DSA (this package)	RSS partitions, parameter tables, structural cert-set fuzz seed	Research preview. keygen.go / sign.go / combine.go / a_posteriori.go do not ship yet. hrej.go::HRej returns "not yet wired to CIRCL ring". Do NOT depend on this package for live signing — there is no working signer to depend on.

The pattern mirrors luxfi/magnetar (FIPS 205 SLH-DSA): per-validator standalone primitive is production; true threshold without trusted dealer is research-grade and not yet deployed. The vocabulary distinction matters — see magnetar/README.md § "Why per-validator instead of threshold?" for the architectural reasoning.

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First practical threshold signature scheme fully compatible with NIST FIPS 204 ML-DSA. Outputs standard ML-DSA signatures (drop-in verification) — once the signer lands. The current tree is the paper-port scaffold up to that point.

Paper: Celi, del Pino, Espitau, Niot, Prest — Efficient Threshold ML-DSA, USENIX Security 2026. The full LaTeX source is being prepared at papers/threshold-mldsa.tex and is not yet checked in (the hrej.go reference to that path will become live when the paper lands).

Configurations

• Security levels: ML-DSA-44 / 65 / 87 (NIST I / III / V)
• Threshold range: 2 ≤ T ≤ N ≤ 6 (hard upper bound in this release)
• Typical: 2-of-3, 3-of-5
• Security model: static dishonest majority in the ROM

Rounds

3 rounds per signing attempt, K parallel instances (see params.go):

1. Commit — each party publishes H(vk, i, wᵢ) with wᵢ = A·rᵢ
2. Reveal — open wᵢ, derive challenge c
3. Respond — each party publishes zᵢ after local hyperball rejection

Combiner verifies the aggregated z meets ML-DSA bounds and emits a standard signature.

Bandwidth (per party, per successful attempt, ML-DSA-44)

N\T	2	3	4	5	6
2	10.5 kB
3	15.8 kB	21.0 kB
4	15.8 kB	36.8 kB	42.0 kB
5	15.8 kB	73.5 kB	157.4 kB	84.0 kB
6	21.0 kB	99.8 kB	388.4 kB	524.8 kB	194.2 kB

Files (current tree)

File	Status	Role
doc.go	✅ shipped	package doc
params.go	✅ shipped	(T,N) × level parameter sets (Tables 3, 10, 11)
rss.go	✅ shipped	replicated secret sharing, hardcoded optimal partitions (Appendix B, Algorithm 6)
hrej.go	⚠ stub	HRej() returns "not yet wired to CIRCL ring"
rss_test.go	✅ shipped	RSS partition correctness + subset count + recovery
fuzz_certset_test.go	✅ shipped	wire-format parser fuzz seed
keygen.go	❌ not written	Algorithm 1 — paper port pending CIRCL ring integration
sign.go	❌ not written	Algorithms 2–4 (commit / reveal / respond)
combine.go	❌ not written	aggregate z + emit FIPS-204-byte-compat sig
a_posteriori.go	❌ not written	Section 6.2 acceptance check + retry

Gap to "solid and done"

This list is mirrored in the parent threshold/CLAUDE.md.

1-day fixes (mostly docs / wiring):

1. Land papers/threshold-mldsa.tex or remove the citation from hrej.go.
2. NIST CAVP .rsp KAT vector ingestion in luxfi/crypto/mldsa (generator C exists at c/ref/nistkat/PQCgenKAT_sign.c; the Go side never consumes published vectors).
3. FIPS-TRACEABILITY.md in luxfi/crypto/mldsa mapping parameter sets → FIPS 204 sections.
4. Profile-level scheme pin in luxfi/bridge/cmd/bridge/ so the daemon refuses an inbound non-PQ signing request when the operator profile names ml-dsa-65.

Multi-week (real research / engineering):

1. Implement keygen.go / sign.go / combine.go / a_posteriori.go. Paper claims 3-round protocol; none of the round transitions are coded.
2. End-to-end round-protocol test (2-of-3 keygen → sign → verify-via-CIRCL byte-compat). Without it the "byte-compatible with FIPS 204" claim in doc.go is unverified.
3. dudect constant-time validation on the per-party sign path once it exists.
4. External cryptographer sign-off (Tier A submission shape, mirroring magnetar/CRYPTOGRAPHER-SIGN-OFF.md).
5. Benchmark harness (mldsa_bench_test.go.broken already exists in crypto/mldsa as a broken artifact — repair + add a threshold bench).