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36 KiB
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72 lines
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Decentralized AI needs cryptographic proof."}],"\n",["$","p",null,{"children":"Today we introduce Proof of AI (PoAI), a framework for verifiable machine learning inference."}],"\n",["$","h2",null,{"className":"flex scroll-m-28 flex-row items-center gap-2","id":"the-trust-problem","children":[["$","a",null,{"data-card":"","href":"#the-trust-problem","className":"peer","children":"The Trust Problem"}],["$","svg",null,{"ref":"$undefined","xmlns":"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg","width":24,"height":24,"viewBox":"0 0 24 24","fill":"none","stroke":"currentColor","strokeWidth":2,"strokeLinecap":"round","strokeLinejoin":"round","className":"lucide lucide-link size-3.5 shrink-0 text-fd-muted-foreground opacity-0 transition-opacity peer-hover:opacity-100","aria-hidden":true,"children":[["$","path","1cjeqo",{"d":"M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"}],["$","path","19qd67",{"d":"M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"}],"$undefined"]}]]}],"\n",["$","p",null,{"children":"Consider a decentralized AI service:"}],"\n",["$","ol",null,{"children":["\n",["$","li",null,{"children":"User submits input and payment"}],"\n",["$","li",null,{"children":"Compute provider runs inference"}],"\n",["$","li",null,{"children":"Provider returns output"}],"\n",["$","li",null,{"children":"User receives result"}],"\n"]}],"\n",["$","p",null,{"children":"What prevents the provider from:"}],"\n",["$","ul",null,{"children":["\n",["$","li",null,{"children":"Running a cheaper, worse model?"}],"\n",["$","li",null,{"children":"Returning cached results for new inputs?"}],"\n",["$","li",null,{"children":"Fabricating outputs entirely?"}],"\n"]}],"\n",["$","p",null,{"children":"Traditional solutions require trusted hardware or reputation systems. 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11:["$","p",null,{"children":"PoAI generates succinct proofs that a specific model produced a specific output from a specific input. Verifiers can check proofs efficiently without re-running inference."}]
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18:["$","p",null,{"children":"Neural networks compile to arithmetic circuits. Each operation becomes constraint equations:"}]
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19:["$","p",null,{"children":[["$","strong",null,{"children":"Matrix multiplication"}]," : $y = Wx + b$ becomes constraints on each element"]}]
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1a:["$","p",null,{"children":[["$","strong",null,{"children":"Activation functions"}]," : ReLU, GELU approximated by polynomial constraints"]}]
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1b:["$","p",null,{"children":[["$","strong",null,{"children":"Normalization"}]," : LayerNorm expressed as arithmetic over inputs"]}]
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1c:["$","p",null,{"children":"Our compiler handles:"}]
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1d:["$","ul",null,{"children":["\n",["$","li",null,{"children":"Linear layers"}],"\n",["$","li",null,{"children":"Attention mechanisms"}],"\n",["$","li",null,{"children":"Feedforward blocks"}],"\n",["$","li",null,{"children":"Embedding lookups"}],"\n"]}]
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1e:["$","h3",null,{"className":"flex scroll-m-28 flex-row items-center gap-2","id":"proof-system","children":[["$","a",null,{"data-card":"","href":"#proof-system","className":"peer","children":"Proof System"}],["$","svg",null,{"ref":"$undefined","xmlns":"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg","width":24,"height":24,"viewBox":"0 0 24 24","fill":"none","stroke":"currentColor","strokeWidth":2,"strokeLinecap":"round","strokeLinejoin":"round","className":"lucide lucide-link size-3.5 shrink-0 text-fd-muted-foreground opacity-0 transition-opacity peer-hover:opacity-100","aria-hidden":true,"children":[["$","path","1cjeqo",{"d":"M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"}],["$","path","19qd67",{"d":"M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"}],"$undefined"]}]]}]
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1f:["$","p",null,{"children":"We use a combination of techniques:"}]
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20:["$","p",null,{"children":[["$","strong",null,{"children":"SNARKs"}]," for succinct proofs of arithmetic circuits. Proof size is constant regardless of circuit size."]}]
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21:["$","p",null,{"children":[["$","strong",null,{"children":"Folding schemes"}]," to handle the repetitive structure of transformer layers efficiently."]}]
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22:["$","p",null,{"children":[["$","strong",null,{"children":"Lookup arguments"}]," for non-arithmetic operations like embedding tables."]}]
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23:["$","h3",null,{"className":"flex scroll-m-28 flex-row items-center gap-2","id":"optimization","children":[["$","a",null,{"data-card":"","href":"#optimization","className":"peer","children":"Optimization"}],["$","svg",null,{"ref":"$undefined","xmlns":"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg","width":24,"height":24,"viewBox":"0 0 24 24","fill":"none","stroke":"currentColor","strokeWidth":2,"strokeLinecap":"round","strokeLinejoin":"round","className":"lucide lucide-link size-3.5 shrink-0 text-fd-muted-foreground opacity-0 transition-opacity peer-hover:opacity-100","aria-hidden":true,"children":[["$","path","1cjeqo",{"d":"M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"}],["$","path","19qd67",{"d":"M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"}],"$undefined"]}]]}]
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24:["$","p",null,{"children":"Naive compilation produces impractical circuits. We optimize through:"}]
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25:["$","ol",null,{"children":["\n",["$","li",null,{"children":[["$","strong",null,{"children":"Quantization"}]," : INT8 models have 8x fewer constraints than FP32"]}],"\n",["$","li",null,{"children":[["$","strong",null,{"children":"Structured pruning"}]," : Remove entire attention heads, reducing circuit size"]}],"\n",["$","li",null,{"children":[["$","strong",null,{"children":"Polynomial approximations"}]," : Replace transcendental functions with low-degree polynomials"]}],"\n",["$","li",null,{"children":[["$","strong",null,{"children":"Batched verification"}]," : Amortize proof costs across multiple inferences"]}],"\n"]}]
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29:["$","p",null,{"children":"Proof generation is 100-1000x slower than inference. This is the primary limitation."}]
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2c:["$","p",null,{"children":"Verification is fast and proof size is nearly constant. On-chain verification is practical."}]
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2e:["$","p",null,{"children":"Quantization and polynomial approximations affect model accuracy:"}]
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30:["$","p",null,{"children":"Acceptable for many applications."}]
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31:["$","h2",null,{"className":"flex scroll-m-28 flex-row items-center gap-2","id":"use-cases","children":[["$","a",null,{"data-card":"","href":"#use-cases","className":"peer","children":"Use Cases"}],["$","svg",null,{"ref":"$undefined","xmlns":"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg","width":24,"height":24,"viewBox":"0 0 24 24","fill":"none","stroke":"currentColor","strokeWidth":2,"strokeLinecap":"round","strokeLinejoin":"round","className":"lucide lucide-link size-3.5 shrink-0 text-fd-muted-foreground opacity-0 transition-opacity peer-hover:opacity-100","aria-hidden":true,"children":[["$","path","1cjeqo",{"d":"M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"}],["$","path","19qd67",{"d":"M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"}],"$undefined"]}]]}]
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32:["$","h3",null,{"className":"flex scroll-m-28 flex-row items-center gap-2","id":"decentralized-inference-markets","children":[["$","a",null,{"data-card":"","href":"#decentralized-inference-markets","className":"peer","children":"Decentralized Inference Markets"}],["$","svg",null,{"ref":"$undefined","xmlns":"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg","width":24,"height":24,"viewBox":"0 0 24 24","fill":"none","stroke":"currentColor","strokeWidth":2,"strokeLinecap":"round","strokeLinejoin":"round","className":"lucide lucide-link size-3.5 shrink-0 text-fd-muted-foreground opacity-0 transition-opacity peer-hover:opacity-100","aria-hidden":true,"children":[["$","path","1cjeqo",{"d":"M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"}],["$","path","19qd67",{"d":"M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"}],"$undefined"]}]]}]
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33:["$","p",null,{"children":"Users pay for inference, providers compete on price. PoAI ensures providers actually run the claimed model. No reputation bootstrapping needed."}]
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34:["$","h3",null,{"className":"flex scroll-m-28 flex-row items-center gap-2","id":"ai-oracles","children":[["$","a",null,{"data-card":"","href":"#ai-oracles","className":"peer","children":"AI Oracles"}],["$","svg",null,{"ref":"$undefined","xmlns":"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg","width":24,"height":24,"viewBox":"0 0 24 24","fill":"none","stroke":"currentColor","strokeWidth":2,"strokeLinecap":"round","strokeLinejoin":"round","className":"lucide lucide-link size-3.5 shrink-0 text-fd-muted-foreground opacity-0 transition-opacity peer-hover:opacity-100","aria-hidden":true,"children":[["$","path","1cjeqo",{"d":"M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"}],["$","path","19qd67",{"d":"M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"}],"$undefined"]}]]}]
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35:["$","p",null,{"children":"Smart contracts need off-chain data. AI models can provide predictions, classifications, or analyses. PoAI makes these oracles trustless."}]
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36:["$","h3",null,{"className":"flex scroll-m-28 flex-row items-center gap-2","id":"model-verification","children":[["$","a",null,{"data-card":"","href":"#model-verification","className":"peer","children":"Model Verification"}],["$","svg",null,{"ref":"$undefined","xmlns":"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg","width":24,"height":24,"viewBox":"0 0 24 24","fill":"none","stroke":"currentColor","strokeWidth":2,"strokeLinecap":"round","strokeLinejoin":"round","className":"lucide lucide-link size-3.5 shrink-0 text-fd-muted-foreground opacity-0 transition-opacity peer-hover:opacity-100","aria-hidden":true,"children":[["$","path","1cjeqo",{"d":"M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"}],["$","path","19qd67",{"d":"M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"}],"$undefined"]}]]}]
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37:["$","p",null,{"children":"When model weights are published, how do you verify they match claimed training? PoAI can prove that specific weights produce specific benchmark results."}]
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38:["$","h3",null,{"className":"flex scroll-m-28 flex-row items-center gap-2","id":"federated-learning-verification","children":[["$","a",null,{"data-card":"","href":"#federated-learning-verification","className":"peer","children":"Federated Learning Verification"}],["$","svg",null,{"ref":"$undefined","xmlns":"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg","width":24,"height":24,"viewBox":"0 0 24 24","fill":"none","stroke":"currentColor","strokeWidth":2,"strokeLinecap":"round","strokeLinejoin":"round","className":"lucide lucide-link size-3.5 shrink-0 text-fd-muted-foreground opacity-0 transition-opacity peer-hover:opacity-100","aria-hidden":true,"children":[["$","path","1cjeqo",{"d":"M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"}],["$","path","19qd67",{"d":"M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"}],"$undefined"]}]]}]
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39:["$","p",null,{"children":"In federated learning, participants claim to train on local data. PoAI can verify that gradient updates came from actual training, not fabrication."}]
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3a:["$","h2",null,{"className":"flex scroll-m-28 flex-row items-center gap-2","id":"limitations","children":[["$","a",null,{"data-card":"","href":"#limitations","className":"peer","children":"Limitations"}],["$","svg",null,{"ref":"$undefined","xmlns":"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg","width":24,"height":24,"viewBox":"0 0 24 24","fill":"none","stroke":"currentColor","strokeWidth":2,"strokeLinecap":"round","strokeLinejoin":"round","className":"lucide lucide-link size-3.5 shrink-0 text-fd-muted-foreground opacity-0 transition-opacity peer-hover:opacity-100","aria-hidden":true,"children":[["$","path","1cjeqo",{"d":"M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"}],["$","path","19qd67",{"d":"M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"}],"$undefined"]}]]}]
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3b:["$","p",null,{"children":"Current limitations we’re working to address:"}]
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3c:["$","ol",null,{"children":["\n",["$","li",null,{"children":[["$","strong",null,{"children":"Proof generation cost"}]," : Large models remain impractical"]}],"\n",["$","li",null,{"children":[["$","strong",null,{"children":"Model constraints"}]," : Complex architectures (MoE, very deep) are challenging"]}],"\n",["$","li",null,{"children":[["$","strong",null,{"children":"Floating point"}]," : Native FP support would reduce approximation errors"]}],"\n",["$","li",null,{"children":[["$","strong",null,{"children":"Recursion"}]," : Autoregressive generation requires sequential proofs"]}],"\n"]}]
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3d:["$","h2",null,{"className":"flex scroll-m-28 flex-row items-center gap-2","id":"roadmap","children":[["$","a",null,{"data-card":"","href":"#roadmap","className":"peer","children":"Roadmap"}],["$","svg",null,{"ref":"$undefined","xmlns":"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg","width":24,"height":24,"viewBox":"0 0 24 24","fill":"none","stroke":"currentColor","strokeWidth":2,"strokeLinecap":"round","strokeLinejoin":"round","className":"lucide lucide-link size-3.5 shrink-0 text-fd-muted-foreground opacity-0 transition-opacity peer-hover:opacity-100","aria-hidden":true,"children":[["$","path","1cjeqo",{"d":"M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"}],["$","path","19qd67",{"d":"M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"}],"$undefined"]}]]}]
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3e:["$","p",null,{"children":[["$","strong",null,{"children":"Q3 2023"}]," : Release PoAI SDK for small models ",["$","strong",null,{"children":"Q4 2023"}]," : Folding scheme improvements for 10x speedup ",["$","strong",null,{"children":"Q1 2024"}]," : Support for models up to 1B parameters ",["$","strong",null,{"children":"Q2 2024"}]," : Production deployment on Lux Network"]}]
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3f:["$","h2",null,{"className":"flex scroll-m-28 flex-row items-center gap-2","id":"conclusion","children":[["$","a",null,{"data-card":"","href":"#conclusion","className":"peer","children":"Conclusion"}],["$","svg",null,{"ref":"$undefined","xmlns":"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg","width":24,"height":24,"viewBox":"0 0 24 24","fill":"none","stroke":"currentColor","strokeWidth":2,"strokeLinecap":"round","strokeLinejoin":"round","className":"lucide lucide-link size-3.5 shrink-0 text-fd-muted-foreground opacity-0 transition-opacity peer-hover:opacity-100","aria-hidden":true,"children":[["$","path","1cjeqo",{"d":"M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"}],["$","path","19qd67",{"d":"M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"}],"$undefined"]}]]}]
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40:["$","p",null,{"children":"Verifiable AI is essential for decentralized systems. PoAI makes cryptographic verification practical for real models. The overhead is significant but decreasing."}]
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41:["$","p",null,{"children":"Trust, but verify. Now you can."}]
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42:["$","hr",null,{}]
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43:["$","p",null,{"children":["$","em",null,{"children":"Zach Kelling is a co-founder of Zoo Labs Foundation."}]}]
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