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16 lines
1.3 KiB
TeX
16 lines
1.3 KiB
TeX
\section{Introduction}
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\subsection{The Quantum Threat}
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Blockchain cryptography faces two quantum-vulnerable primitive classes: key agreement (ECDH, broken by Shor's algorithm) and digital signatures (ECDSA, EdDSA, BLS, similarly broken). Hash functions and symmetric ciphers retain security with doubled key lengths. The ``harvest now, decrypt later'' model makes this threat immediate: transactions recorded today can be forged retroactively once quantum computers arrive \cite{shor1997polynomial}.
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\subsection{NIST Standards and Zoo's Strategy}
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NIST finalized three post-quantum standards in 2024 \cite{nist2024pqc}: \MLKEM{} (FIPS~203, key encapsulation, Module-LWE), \MLDSA{} (FIPS~204, digital signatures, Module-LWE), and \SLHDSA{} (FIPS~205, digital signatures, hash-based). Zoo deploys each where its properties are most advantageous, supplemented by \Corona{} for threshold operations not covered by NIST.
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\subsection{Contributions}
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We contribute: (1)~complete FIPS 203/204/205 integration into a production blockchain; (2)~\Corona{} threshold signatures with Ring-LWE security; (3)~hybrid classical+PQ composition framework; (4)~GPU NTT acceleration achieving 8x throughput; (5)~Lean~4 formal verification of all primitives; (6)~chain-specific deployment mapping across Zoo's multi-chain topology.
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