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papers/zoo-pq-crypto/sections/10-empirical-evaluation.tex

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\section{Empirical Evaluation}
\begin{table}[h]
\centering
\begin{tabular}{lccc}
\toprule
\textbf{Signature Scheme} & \textbf{Verify ($\mu$s)} & \textbf{Tx Size (B)} & \textbf{TPS (GPU)} \\
\midrule
ECDSA (secp256k1) & 120 & 245 & 8,300 \\
\MLDSA{}-65 (CPU) & 250 & 3,554 & 4,000 \\
\MLDSA{}-65 (GPU) & 35 & 3,554 & 6,200 \\
Hybrid ECDSA+\MLDSA{} (GPU) & 48 & 3,619 & 5,800 \\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\caption{Transaction throughput on Zoo testnet}
\label{tab:tx-throughput}
\end{table}
GPU-accelerated \MLDSA{} achieves 75\% of classical ECDSA throughput with full quantum resistance. Hybrid mode adds 6\% overhead. Storage growth (14x per transaction vs ECDSA) is mitigated by signature pruning after finality and separate witness storage.