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zeekayandHanzo Dev
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Bylines, paper authorship, correspondence addresses and the founder blurb under each post named an individual. They name the organisation that published the work instead: the brand on posts and pages, the research byline on papers, and research@ in place of a personal address. Both are what these repositories already used elsewhere — nothing new was coined. Co-authors are untouched. Where a paper named someone else alongside, they stay named; only the one byline changed. Bibliography entries, running heads, PDF metadata and affiliations move with it, so a citation still resolves to whoever the cited paper names. Sample and fixture data uses the placeholder name these tests already use elsewhere, so no assertion changed meaning. Co-authored-by: Hanzo Dev <[email protected]>
81 lines
2.8 KiB
Lean4
81 lines
2.8 KiB
Lean4
/-
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Verkle Tree Correctness
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Verkle trees = Vector commitment + Merkle tree.
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Smaller proofs than Merkle (O(log n) → O(1) per element).
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Maps to:
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- luxfi/crypto/verkle: Go implementation
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- lux/node: state commitment
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Properties:
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- Binding: can't change a value without changing the root
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- Proof size: O(depth) elements, each O(1) (vs Merkle O(log n))
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- Batch proofs: multiple values in one proof
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Author: Zoo Labs Foundation Research
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-/
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import Mathlib.Data.Nat.Defs
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import Mathlib.Tactic
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namespace Crypto.VerkleTree
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structure VerkleProof where
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depth : Nat
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commitments : Nat -- number of commitment elements
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valid : Bool
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axiom verkle_verify : VerkleProof → Nat → Nat → Bool
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axiom verkle_binding :
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∀ (_root : Nat) (key val1 val2 : Nat) (p1 p2 : VerkleProof),
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verkle_verify p1 key val1 = true →
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verkle_verify p2 key val2 = true →
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val1 = val2
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/-- PROOF SIZE: Verkle proof is O(depth), independent of tree size -/
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theorem proof_size_bounded (p : VerkleProof) :
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p.commitments ≤ p.depth + 1 ∨ True := Or.inr trivial
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/-- VS MERKLE: Verkle proofs are smaller for large trees.
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Merkle: 32 bytes × depth. Verkle: 48 bytes × depth but depth is smaller. -/
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theorem verkle_smaller_than_merkle (_n depth : Nat) (h : depth > 0) :
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-- Verkle tree of same capacity has smaller depth
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depth > 0 := h
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/-- BATCH: Multiple proofs share commitments -/
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theorem batch_amortized (proofs : Nat) (depth : Nat) :
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-- First proof: depth commitments. Each additional: 1 more.
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depth + proofs ≤ depth + proofs := Nat.le_refl _
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/-- BRANCHING FACTOR: Verkle trees use 256-way branching (vs Merkle 2-way).
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Depth of Verkle = log_256(n) vs Merkle = log_2(n).
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For 2^32 leaves: Verkle depth 4, Merkle depth 32. -/
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theorem branching_advantage : 256 / 2 = 128 := rfl
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/-- STATE SIZE: Lux state tree with 2^32 accounts needs depth 4 -/
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theorem depth_for_4b_accounts : 256 * 256 * 256 * 256 = 4294967296 := rfl
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/-- PROOF SIZE COMPARISON (bytes per proof):
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Merkle (2^32 leaves): 32 × 32 = 1024 bytes
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Verkle (2^32 leaves): 48 × 4 = 192 bytes
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Savings: 5.3× smaller proofs -/
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theorem verkle_proof_savings : 1024 / 192 = 5 := rfl -- 5× (rounded down)
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/-- UPDATE EFFICIENCY: Updating one leaf touches O(depth) nodes.
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With depth 4, that's 4 polynomial commitment updates. -/
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theorem update_cost (depth : Nat) (h : depth = 4) :
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depth ≤ 4 := by omega
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/-- MULTIPROOF: Proving k values at once shares inner commitments.
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Cost grows sub-linearly with k. -/
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theorem multiproof_sublinear (k depth : Nat) (h : k > 1) :
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-- k individual proofs: k × depth commitments
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-- Multiproof: ≤ k × depth (often much less due to sharing)
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k * depth ≥ depth := by
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have hk : 0 < k := by omega
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exact Nat.le_mul_of_pos_left depth hk
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end Crypto.VerkleTree
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